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' I do not say, my Lords, that the French will not come. I say only they will not come by sea.'

 

 Admiral Sir John Jervis addressing the House of Lords as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1801.

 

THIN GREY LINE

When Earl Saint Vincent made that famous remark he spoke to a country that understood the blessings of providence and elementary geography. Modern public ignorance of sea trade and sea power is shocking - even when allowing for the state education casino - given that Britain is no less an island today than 200 years ago. Our global trade and every military operation overseas depends upon freedom of the oceans. Although five per cent of our trade travels by air and our forces in Iraq and Afghanistan partly supplied by air - without those super tankers bringing the fuel by sea not one aircraft could leave the runway. Every round of ammunition, every tin of beans reaches the combat zone after a long sea journey from somewhere and only the final stretch is by truck or aircraft. As a nation we enjoy all the privileges of a military super power. We are able to intervene across the globe whenever we believe that offers the safest option for ourselves - and our allies - sometimes alone, sometimes with America, sometimes with NATO and Europe. We share intelligence with the USA and three Commonwealth allies. We have a seat on the UN Security Council. Our navy's submarines are armed with strategic nuclear missiles. We are masters of our fate.

The glib observation that we punch above our weight is plain nonsense. We punch below our weight. Successive governments have sent our armed services into danger while refusing to pay for enough forces with the best equipment to succeed with the mission. Libya offers the latest occasion - where our forces coped though the air operations are costing ten fold more than necessary because we had no aircraft carrier. The choice is not about weight but aspirations and will power. Building from the foundations laid by Margaret Thatcher our economy grew until gradually it had almost caught up with a united Germany. Thanks to Gordon Brown and incompetent bankers we trail Italy. This will change. Our economy will recover and grow. Despite bankers and inexperienced politicians busy grinding the economy to a halt. None-the-less, British voters face a choice - although not one politician has alerted them - give up our privileged existence or pay the real bill.

Naval air power does not come cheap. Aircraft carriers require fighters and helicopters. They need escort forces - for two aircraft carriers an escort force of twelve Type 45 destroyers and twelve Astute Class submarines are the minimum to cover battle damage and refits - plus a supporting fleet of fast supply ships. Aircraft carriers are instruments of national prestige for an island trading nation. Our people's standard of living and political power sail with them on the World's most stormy political oceans. They deter war through peaceful diplomacy. War costs a lot more than peace. The present schoolboy government rants about the price of naval power but, if they are not ready to pay the real bill for our islands' defence, they should retreat from Global politics though make the consequences abundantly clear to the voters.  

Cameron's coalition government could follow the approach of Germany, reduce our global influence to trade and diplomacy, moreover work harder, but even so that would still leave us powerless as them when a serious threat arises. This is the plan drawn up by a former general for the Conservative Party who intend - unless the public wake up - to cancel the Royal Navy's new aircraft carriers already under construction. Don't believe a word they say - beware of what they won't admit. These young men are driven by one ambition - keeping their jobs through winning elections. David Cameron's army led defence posture will commit the greatest strategic error since George the Third refused to pow wow with the American colonists. Blinkered generals already leave Britain at the mercy of comparatively weak hostile countries.

 Already we have a defence review without first examining foreign policy. Result - as Rupert Smith aptly put it - incoherent nonsense. The Cabinet Office officials found the concept of strategy beyond their intellects. Liam Fox, the Defence Secretary, does not understand history any more than his own party leadership and its cabal of generals who steadfastly advance into one terrorist trap after another, blindly fighting exactly the way that suits their enemies. The parallels with the trenches of the First World War imply that some generals do not read military history.

The pity is that those Members of Parliament who grasp strategy are excluded from high office. Their role in Select Committees has become extremely important. Nowhere else in Parliament does common sense have a voice.

France rejects Cameron style tunnel vision, dismisses a simplistic land option and maintains a larger nuclear deterrent, larger navy and larger intervention forces than Britain. France recognises simple truths - which often seem beyond our politicians and most voters. France has managed to provide Cameron with a fig-leaf of a defence pact. However, reality is otherwise, for the 50 year treaty with France won't last more than another two years, when the next presidential election is due across the Channel. This absurd and ironic situation  says very little for the standard of history and geography teaching at both Eton and Oxford - a suspicion that David Cameron more or less confirmed on American television.

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After reading the articles below, do have a look at the World News opening page - you'll find a link lower down this page via President Obama's photo - which explains just how stupid the Conservative Liberal Government has become on defence and foreign policy. This is not about taking sides in politics but pointing out the full implications of choices which either they do not understand - frightening enough - they are too lazy to research, or too arrogant to tell the voters.

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 BEYOND THE HORIZON

Naval power acts as a deterrent to political gamblers and thereby prevents conflicts. This applies right across the spectrum from submarines armed with strategic nuclear weapons to destroyers policing the seas against drug runners and pirates. Aircraft carriers are the most awesome expression of this global power - floating airfields that can travel 500 miles during a day. They require nobody's permission to cruise around the globe thus present a threat to most nations with hostile intent towards others. They are the most dangerous conventional weapon on the planet. They are more discreet than any ambassador.  Despite Saddam's threats, Saudi Arabia grew confident enough to allow Coalition forces onto their soil to liberate Kuwait because a US Navy carrier group cruised the Arabian Sea. The Soviet Union kept a large proportion of their airpower held ready against the possibility of massive air attacks from the Arctic Sea and the Mediterranean, launched against their surface ship and submarine bases, their ground forces and airfields, from US Navy and Royal Navy aircraft carriers.

The Cold War cost a fortune but a Third World War might have exterminated the human race. This peaceful and successful conclusion remains the best illustration of the simple logic behind strong naval power in modern times. A strong navy makes possible the exercise of peaceful gunboat diplomacy, soft power messages that remind others we have the brute force to safeguard our allies and interests in far flung corners of the globe. Soft naval power guards our freedom to trade with all continents. Sometimes naval hard power is deployed, most recently on operations such as the Balkans, Iraq twice and Afghanistan. Without aircraft carriers, logistically exposed operations such as Afghanistan become unsustainable overnight, because in real trouble only the aircraft carriers patrolling the Arabian Sea have the freedom to act without restraint in an emergency. There is no possibility of tactical support from an RAF no longer equipped with long range strike aircraft. The core of this country's diplomatic influence and military power depends upon the Royal Navy's ability to position aircraft carriers worldwide.

 

The old Ark Royal on speed trials. She served from 1955 until 1978 and during her final decade carried F 4 Phantom fighters and Buccaneer long range strike aircraft capable of delivering tactical nuclear weapons. She gave potential enemies sound reason for prudence and diplomacy rather than military gambles. The left hand photo shows two F 4s parked forward and several Buccaneers parked alongside the island and flight deck. Right hand photo shows three Gannet AEW aircraft parked across the stern, five F 4 Phantoms along the flight deck and some Buccaneers on the bow.

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After 1945 the Royal Navy drastically reduced its considerable aircraft carrier strength. None-the-less, throughout the 1950s and 1960s invariably three large carriers and two smaller carriers plus two commando carriers were on strength and usually more than half these warships ready for operations at no warning. Throughout the Korean War a pool of three Royal Navy carriers and two Royal Australian Navy carriers ensured that one carrier from each navy patrolled Korean waters. Suez in 1956 required three large carriers and two commando carriers. Iraq's threats on Kuwait's independence in 1961 required one large carrier and a commando carrier - not surprisingly because of over-flying difficulties encountered by the RAF the navy's carriers arrived before 2 Para from Cyprus!  Malaysian confrontation with Indonesia broke out in 1962 and lasted four years. Confrontation required one large carrier and two commando carriers on station off Borneo at all times: such commitments involve at least twice as many warships as those on the front line. Withdrawal from Aden and subsequent operations around southern Arabia during the late sixties were supported by one large carrier and a commando carrier. The East African mutinies early in 1964 were dealt with by an aircraft carrier and a commando carrier.

 Labour cancelled the plan for one, possibly three ( only three made sense ) large replacement carriers in 1966 and the Hawker P 1154 supersonic jump-jet originally designed for them - the navy bears some of the blame for losing the fighter and Britain's aircraft industry lost its technical lead in STOVL. Our 1960s version of today's JSF 35 concept would be an old lady in retirement and long replaced - some 2,750 aircraft have been ordered for the JSF 35 programme.

After withdrawal from Aden in 1967 - rather like Basra without the US Army just up the road - the Labour government of the time decreed that Britain would no longer carry out military operations east of the Suez Canal. This policy flew in the face of significant treaty obligations - such as with South Korea - and common sense. I doubt if Denis Healy, then Defence Secretary, a former Royal Engineer, believed in the policy which was driven by the Treasury saving money. To compound all these mistakes in 1978 the same government paid off HMS Ark Royal - although the ' Ark ' still had plenty of life in her, probably another decade. This foolish decision was the amber light for Argentine's newly installed junta - an invasion of the Falkland Islands might prove feasible - because the Royal Navy no longer would possess the means to deploy supersonic fighters in the South Atlantic.

The two warships in the above photo - HMS Illustrious and HMS Ark Royal - recently underwent major refits and now carry up to 24 Harrier fighters and helicopters. Shortcomings revealed during the Falklands War included no AEW and an obsession with missiles rather than simple AAA for all ships. Admiral Sam Salt who commanded HMS Sheffield told me that he learnt a lifetime's worth about damage control and fire prevention in the fifteen minutes after his ship took an Exocet. These lessons have largely been put right and the aircraft carriers equipped with AEW helicopters, Phalanx gatling guns for close defence, plus the flight deck extended forward on the starboard bow to give more working room.

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' One day someone will put a match to the Foreign Office.' Lord Moran when High Commissioner in Canada on learning that Argentine had invaded the Falkland Islands.

As an 18 year old seaman Lord Moran was the aircraft lookout high up on the main mast of HMS Belfast on the night of Boxing Day 1943 when the battleship HMS Duke of York sunk the battlecruiser Scharnhorst. This was the last battle the Royal Navy fought between big gun ships. His father was Winston Churchill's doctor throughout World War Two.

 

With its large carriers at the breakers yards and replacements cancelled the Royal Navy found itself in a desperate situation. Fortunately some bright souls came up with a new warship called a ' Through deck cruiser ' soon christened the ' See through carrier ' and all three ships of the Invincible class ( photo above ) have given sterling service from the Falklands campaign onwards. After four years of ruthless oppression to stay in power the Argentine junta were confronted by soaring inflation and high unemployment. The green light for a foreign adventure flashed when the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher not only decided to pay off the remaining older aircraft carrier but even sell the new small carriers and scrap the amphibious landing ships, moreover axe the only ship that patrolled the waters around the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic Territories. During late April 1982 the Argentine Junta invaded the Falkland Islands. By so doing, fortunately, General Galtieri and Admiral Anaya saved the Royal Navy. 

When Admiral Sir Henry Leach briefed Margaret Thatcher on the ships heading south she asked him why Ark Royal with its Phantoms and Buccaneers was not included in the task force. The admiral reminded the Prime Minister that her Cabinet had sent Ark Royal to the breakers yard and given its aircraft to the Royal Air Force. Unfortunately neither aircraft type could fly 8000 miles. There were no further questions.

More on the South Atlantic War further below.

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After ' withdrawal ' from east of Suez at the end of the 1960s the Royal Navy and consequently this country had become powerless to influence events beyond Europe. Our nuclear weapons are a deterrent rather than an offensive weapon. With the Invincible class proven off the Falklands the Royal Navy sent a carrier force on a Far Eastern soft power cruise in 1986 ostensibly as a defence sales promotion but also supporting commercial activity in the South China Sea by deterring Vietnamese or Chinese interference. Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1991 and the following year an aircraft carrier with a commando carrier joined the Coalition Task Force for the liberation of Kuwait. Back in the Mediterranean one aircraft carrier took part in NATO air strikes during the 1999 Kosovo War. During 2000 a small operation to deal with civil war in Sierra Leone was carried out by HMS Illustrious and HMS Ocean. This was a text book example of how to insert and support a small intervention force - the Paras seized the airport and the Royal Navy brought a Royal Marine Commando backed by Harrier jump-jets three days later - and restore order when a state fails. Regrettably the civil aid follow-up may prove an example of the opposite result. More recently Royal Navy aircraft carriers have been involved with operations in Afghanistan since the first shots after 11 September 2001 and returned to the Gulf when the Coalition invaded Iraq.

Libya caught the Royal Navy without an aircraft carrier. Britain's rather arrogant though naive government fell into the same trap as a previous governments during the 1920s and 1930s. They predicted that Britain would not go to war against another state for ten years. Within six months British forces were engaged under a UN Resolution against Q's regime in Libya. Air operations mounted from the British Isles and later Sicily, according to one academic, ran up a bill of £ 1.75 billion, so far, no less than ten times the cost of deploying HMS Ark Royal ( had she still been in service ) with her Harrier jump-jets. The navy found a solution by sending HMS Ocean with six Army Air Corps attack helicopters. This filled a gap but all the helicopters - I am told - will be written off after their deployment because their electronics were never meant to cope with salty humidity - cost about £ 120 millions.

A combination of Tornadoes and Typhoons with Sentinel and drones worked extremely well. Indeed, the Chief of the Air Staff made this point to the House of Commons Select Committee on Defence, fully supported by the First Sea Lord. The latter remarked that the RAF's air support ' worked splendidly ' though reminded that aircraft carriers provided bases that could move around the globe. Even so, pilots were flying missions 5 or 6 hours long, a large chunk of that time making the sea crossings. France's aircraft carrier performed 1350 sorties ( most air strikes ) during 120 days off the Libyan coast. Often the carrier aircraft reacted and attacked targets of opportunity within 20 minutes.

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Deployments of carriers by the Royal Navy fall into patterns. Some concerned winding down the Empire or defending the rights of newly independent former colonies and imperial allies - Kuwait, Southern Arabia, Malaysian Confrontation and the South Atlantic War. Other deployments have protected economic interests, particularly in the Middle East - Suez in 1956, the Gulf War and Iraq. Sierra Leone, Afghanistan and Pakistan, presently Libya - and piracy along the Horn of Africa - bring the Royal Navy back to colonial policing which demands long term commitments. Sooner rather than later a task force of strike carriers and commando carriers will assemble off the Horn of Africa to deal with the pirates and terror merchants by intervention on shore.

Meanwhile we could learn from our grandfathers and deploy Q ships - disguised merchant vessels, heavily armed, traps cruising off the Horn of Africa with enough firepower to blow any fast boat out of the water. The price for getting caught engaged in piracy is not yet high enough. For the education of our media ' Puntland ' the lawless region of Somalia controlled by the pirates is not a recognised state. UN rules do not apply. We can deal with the pirates as we regard appropriate. Given that the pirates can only operate from one place where they control the government the way ahead seems obvious. Better to destroy the nest, declared Lord Palmerston of the slave traders, than try killing each individual wasp. The same principle applies to states harbouring terrorists. The lesson of the last 65 years is straightforward - even during the more predictable era of the Cold War at least once every decade, frequently twice, and lately throughout a whole decade, the Royal Navy deployed its aircraft carriers for strategic deterrence or more often, warfare between states. For all the billions spent on spying, none of these crises were predicted.  

 

HMS Illustrious waiting for her tug to enter Portsmouth Harbour. On the left is one of the Spithead forts.

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After twelve years of foot-dragging the Labour government finally signed the contracts for building two big aircraft carriers to operate the JSF 35 fighter which employs jump-jet technology originally deployed with the veteran Harrier fighters. This is the ' aircraft ' cancelled in 1966 - with 40 years worth of technology advances.

The contract was delayed by Gordon Brown because he preferred to keep the thousands of jobs as a General Election bribe in Scotland. Brown lost the election but Cameron barely won it, therefore formed a coalition with the Liberals who prostituted themselves to the highest bidder. The aircraft carriers would have been axed by the new government who are ignorant of foreign policy, defence and indeed history. Fortunately, one of the decisions that Gordon Brown got right was to make the contract so copper-bottomed that it was more expensive to cancel the ships than to build them.

The new government were sold a pack of nonsense by somebody and may prove guilty of a howler as regards grand tactics - they opted for conventional fighters rather than a new generation of longer range, much better armed, stealthy jump-jets.

The JSF 35 has a longer range, super-sonic speed, plus stealth technology

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The Royal Navy's future aircraft carriers now will operate conventional versions of the Joint Combat fighter rather than STOVL variants. This decision, taken in haste by the Prime Minister and his Chancellor - not the admirals - turns the clock back to the 1960s. While there are some arguments over range and payload for returning to conventional fighters flying off angled flight decks - which also allows American and French conventional fighters to cross-deck - the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force are denied highly versatile technology and tactics in which Britain led the World and proved in sea and land combat.

During the South Atlantic War the Sea Harriers and Ground Attack Harriers operated from aircraft carriers and hastily prepared strips on the islands. The first fighters based in Afghanistan were Harriers - no other jet fighter was able to fly from high altitudes off the rough strips available. 

The US Marine Corps, Spain and Italy will operate British designed Harrier STOVL fighters. Marine seaborne Harriers are stationed off Libya. So are Spanish and Italian jump-jets available from smaller aircraft carriers than Ark Royal.  American politicians cannot treat their armed forces with contempt displayed towards ours by the House of Commons. Britain's armed forces need the kind of lobby the American services enjoy - but you have to build one, they don't just appear from a puff of magic smoke.

Above picture shows an impression of the version of the new carrier as designed for the French Navy.

The new aircraft carriers will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy weighing in at 65,000 tons fully loaded and 930 feet long with a wide beam, much closer in size to the US Navy's strike carriers though with only 1300/1400 complement rather than nearly 5000 on a US carrier. The ships will carry an air group of at least 40 fighters and helicopters but given their size one suspects that this number could increase during an emergency. The flight deck has two islands, one for steering the ship and a second for controlling its aircraft. The ski jump bow allows its STOVL fighters to use less fuel and take off while carrying a heavy load. Over a lifetime of 50 years the ships may increase to 75,000 tons fully loaded as additions are made - such as armour plate on the flight deck and sides - and possibly further deck space added. France plans a single aircraft carrier along the same design though weighing 75,000 tons, presumably its armour and catapults since the ship's length and beam are the same. Although the Conservatives oppose the new carriers, preferring to spend more on overseas aid for third world dictators, there are strong arguments for building a third big aircraft carrier - set out further below in this article. 

One former UK defence industry leader - an eminent man so I gather -  proposed in all seriousness that the Royal Navy should buy American aircraft carriers and lease F 18 fighters. I'm not the greatest at sums but even I can work out that paying 5,000 sailors costs more than paying 1,400 sailors for the same number of decades. Leasing the American ship's companies wouldn't help either. The same expert faults the Type 45 destroyers because they aren't suitable for export. We need every Type 45 we can build and the government have exported far too many virtually new destroyers. This sorry tale of muddle, indecision and frequent political cowardice should be compared with the US Navy's long established programme of budget discipline, lateral thinking, above all clever deals for replacing its big aircraft carriers on a reliable time table. 

 

American Lady with a big stick - USS John C Stennis

The paramount duty of all governments is the safety of their people through strong defence. Americans understand this. No matter how many people question Iraq, hardly a soul questions the need for their navy to have enough ships and with enough fighting power. Maintaining the global power of the Royal Navy is likewise the British Government's first priority. From drawing board to commissioning a warship or submarine takes many years. You cannot design a fleet around what is happening today. You hold enough ships in reserve for dealing with unforeseen crises. You build a fleet to deal with tomorrow's dangers. One doesn't have to look hard for warning signals.

FOR THE LATEST NEWS ON BRITISH AIRCRAFT CARRIERS - AND DEFENCE STRATEGY, RIGHT NOW SOMEWHAT INVISIBLE

Click the USS John C Stennis

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SOFT NAVAL POWER

 Early in December 2007 the Russian Northern Fleet launched a big exercise with ships including an aircraft carrier weaving among the Norwegian oil rigs. This exercise involved a great deal of helicopter traffic. No warning had been given to the Norwegian government. Eventually the Norwegian oil companies had to stop all civilian helicopter flights until the Russian warships had passed through their sector. The exercise involved seizing oil rigs. Russia's fleet passed within spitting distance of the UK sector. Walk half way across the Murcheson oil rig and you step into the Norwegian sector. Nor could we have stopped them from grabbing any number of oil rigs - the RAF no longer has maritime strike aircraft and the Royal Navy will not possess an attack carrier with strike aircraft until 2019. Russia understands the value of naval soft power. Russia pursues an aggressive foreign policy for control of Europe's energy supply. The message of this major naval exercise passed over the heads of the UK media - though was not lost on the Ministry of Defence who made no public fuss.

Russia's fleet made a westerly swerve around the Shetland Islands followed by exercises with the French Navy off south-western Ireland. Next, exercises took place with the Portuguese Navy, before the Northern Fleet passed through the Mediterranean and reached the Black Sea. Yes, Russia has the right to exercise its fleet on the high seas - we don't notify coastal states either of warship transits - but the lack of polite advance warning reveals the core purpose. Showing ' diplomatically ' how they could seize the oil rigs under our noses, testing our reaction, measuring our resolve.

Despite this truculent behaviour Russia's navy is a shadow of its former power. None-the-less, based on our doorstep, Russia's Northern Fleet has enough ocean going surface ships and nuclear submarines to cause us serious concern. Eleven missile submarines, twenty-two attack submarines, eleven major surface warships including an aircraft carrier and three missile cruisers. Fortunately the Russian fleet breaks down quite often but we cannot rely on this as a defence option. Nor will this phase last much longer. Wiser to ask ourselves precisely how would Britain protect its oil and gas rigs, indeed our merchant shipping from a powerful hostile navy with bases only hours distant? There are reports that Russian surface ships and to a lesser extent submarines practise approaches to our main ports. Alpha class submarines can carry up to forty mines instead of torpedoes. The Dover Strait is the busiest sea highway on the planet. A hostile navy imposing a blockade, merely a stop and search regime, could inflict immense damage on our economy and those of our neighbours without firing a shot. Russia has just announced a large increase in spending on its armed forces- including the equivalent of nearly fifty billion dollars on new ships and submarines over the next few years.

Russia's present leaders also favour brinkmanship as a foreign policy tool. Conventional weakness inevitably forces political leaders towards the nuclear threshold - this year once again we saw Russia threaten Poland over the strategic missile defence system and nuclear bombers regularly fly courses aimed at cities in northern Britain. Restoring the Royal Navy's strength in home waters and the Atlantic would bring more stability and order to the whole region - before Russia becomes tempted to step into the present strategic vacuum and start claiming its neighbours' natural resources. To an extent this has already started with Russia's preposterous claim to a large area of the Arctic Ocean. While this claim immediately concerns the USA, Canada, Denmark, Iceland and Norway all these countries are NATO allies. 

Royal Norwegian Navy frigate Roald Amundsen keeping an eye on the Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov

 

HARD NAVAL POWER

Strong forces deter, prevent or contain threats. Weak forces do the exact reverse. When UK defence minister, John Nott, drastically shrunk the Royal Navy - he was a book-keeper in business life - his rash decision persuaded Argentina's junta to gamble in spring 1982 that they could invade the Falkland Islands with impunity. Many brave men on both sides lost their lives because of those twin foolish decisions. John Nott remains the only British defence minister who started a war with his own white paper on disarmament. David Cameron may become the second! After the South Atlantic War a serious effort was made to rebuild the Royal Navy's strength but this soon faltered with collapse of the USSR. For the last two decades the defence and security of the British Isles and our trade by sea have been shamefully neglected.

The temporary absence of a threat from potentially hostile submarines in home waters allowed both Conservative and Labour governments to run down the Royal Navy's destroyers, frigates and attack submarines. Since Tony Blair's election in 1997 this run down accelerated. The navy was forced to reduce its surface and submarine strength to counter budget over-runs for the Type 45 destroyers and the new Astute class submarines. Further drastic reductions were made to ensure the two new aircraft carriers would go ahead but their support ships were ordered then cancelled. The best way to measure the gap between what was planned and current reality is by using the previous government's own calculations when it drew up its first defence white paper in 1998. This paper opened with a proposition that another Russian threat appeared most unlikely and the navy would re-structure for intervention operations. This allowed a reduction from 35 to 32 destroyers/ frigates and from 12 to 10 attack submarines. ( I never followed their logic which implied that only 3 surface ships had been needed to deal with the Northern Fleet's many submarines. ) At the same time plans were drawn up for building 12 Type 45 destroyers ( since reduced to 8 then only 6 ships ) and as many as 20 Future Surface Combatants/replacements for the smaller type 23 destroyers plus 10 Astute Class submarines. According to the last government's own calculations at present the navy is short of 10 destroyers and 3 attack submarines - before the latest Cameron coalition cuts and any new threat emerges from Russia or indeed, anyone else, starting with Argentina and the Somali pirates.

One has to look at the Royal Navy before John Nott for an idea of the minimum strength required to carry out its tasks for NATO in the Eastern Atlantic when confronted by a strong Russian Northern Fleet. No less than 70 destroyers and frigates and 30 attack submarines backed by three aircraft carriers were required to have enough hulls ready at no warning for any sign of the Soviet Northern Fleet leaving its bases in large numbers. There were also 40 minesweepers and nearly 40 offshore patrol ships in case the Russians attempted mining and sabotage before major hostilities. We knew from reliable secret intelligence that widespread sabotage would be attempted by Russia. Supporting the Royal Navy were sophisticated maritime patrol aircraft and a strong force of strike aircraft based in Northern Scotland. What would have happened in an emergency provoked by the Russians was revealed in spring 1982 when the Argentine junta invaded the Falkland Islands.  

Over a matter of days the Royal Navy gathered a carrier task force and within three weeks despatched about 100 warships, submarines and merchant ships. These forces sailed south in three main groups - the nuclear attack submarines, the aircraft carrier group, the main amphibious group. Two small aircraft carriers were relieved later by a third and altogether six submarines and twenty-three destroyers and frigates served with the task force. Governments are penny wise and pound foolish. Lack of any form of airborne early warning ( AEW ) on the aircraft carriers led to six losses among their surface escorts with a further eleven of the destroyers and frigates suffering damage. Moreover, very few ships carried the latest defence systems against both aircraft and missiles. Had all the warships been properly armed including AEW on the carriers then the task force would have suffered far less, possibly not lost a ship, certainly significantly fewer.

Argentine's air force had never fought an air battle, lacked long range fighters, possessed a handful of tanker aircraft and its pilots weren't trained to attack ships. The tanker gap forced the Argentine pilots to keep their speed lower. Their navy possessed a squadron equipped with the French Etendard fighter armed with Exocet sea skimming missiles - fortunately only four missiles had been delivered before France cut off the supply. Two British destroyers were lost when stationed like sitting ducks a hundred miles ahead of the task force to provide the only available form of early warning. Admiral Sandy Woodward had no other means for providing enough alarm time to keep his precious carriers afloat. When the opposing pilots met each other in air combat the result was beyond question - 27 aircraft shot down for no loss to the Royal Navy Sea Harriers.

Supersonic land based aircraft proved no match for the sub-sonic though highly aerobatic naval jump-jets. Much credit goes to Kasper Weinberger, American Defence Secretary, who on his own initiative despatched supplies of the latest Sidewinder missiles and much else besides. None-the-less, the British pilots flew brilliantly, though our sailors could but admire the courage and skill of the Argentine pilots who repeatedly attempted low level attacks. Fortunately for the destroyers and frigates, many bombs had wrongly set fuses - but not all. Margaret Thatcher's government and John Nott in particular were extremely fortunate that so many bombs did not explode - John Nott might have been hung from a lamp post if the navy had lost seventeen ships out of twenty-three because they were sent to war lacking elementary defence against old fashioned air attacks.

Other threats to the task force came from Argentina's single aircraft carrier - purchased from Holland though originally British - three surface ships including a large cruiser and most dangerous, modern submarines built in Germany. The plan was to attack the British from two directions with an air strike from the north off the carrier and a surface attack from the south. Fortunately only one submarine had been delivered from Germany and was not ready for operations. This vessel still greatly worried the British task force. Light winds prevented the heavily laden Skyhawks from launching otherwise the World might have witnessed the first battle between aircraft carriers since World War Two. The fate of the cruiser has been debated ever since - war is war but politicians leave the young to pay the price - Admiral Sandy Woodward, commanding the task force and a submariner himself, would have sunk the carrier as well had one of his nuclear submarines been near enough; at all costs he had to safeguard his carriers. After the loss of the General Belgrano the Argentine ships effectively retreated to coastal waters. This allowed the amphibious force, including QE II and Canberra serving as troop ships to advance towards the islands for a landing.    

Some months afterwards Admiral Sandy Woodward and General Jeremy Moore were guests at a banquet in their honour given by the RUSI in London. We turned the lecture theatre into a rather splendid dining room. The evening was the best at the Institute that I can remember during nearly five decades. ( I joined as a very young RE lieutenant. ) Sandy Woodward and Jeremy Moore ' sang for their suppers ' with the most superb double-act lecture that any of us had heard. They were splendid; candid, impressive yet modest, above all volunteered their personal reflections on where things had gone right and where they should have gone much better. Sandy Woodward flew his flag in HMS Hermes which had been converted from a commando carrier role with helicopters to a Harrier carrier. Only two years before her surviving sister ship, HMS Bulwark, after a fire in the engine room only a year after an expensive refit, had been paid off. Had the fire not happened, the task force might have sailed with two carriers the size of Hermes, plus Invincible and later Illustrious. That would have made an enormous difference to the air defence and striking power of the task force while providing a far greater safety margin were a carrier hit and damaged. Because there was no HMS Bulwark all the helicopters for the land campaign were loaded on board a container ship and lost when that ship took an Exocet. This drastically effected the land campaign; the Royal Marines and Paras walked across the islands. Whereas the old Bulwark - not to be confused with the modern ship - would have enabled them to launch multiple helicopter insertions from a safe distance out to sea, beyond the range of hostile aircraft.

Had the old Ark Royal still been in commission no invasion would have taken place. Have a look at World News headline page - link further below - for updates on the row between Argentina and Britain over the Falkland Islands.

 

Why the Royal Navy needs enough warships. Streaked with rust after months at sea - HMS Hermes enters Portsmouth Harbour on return from the South Atlantic War - ready for a lengthy refit. Naval airpower was the crucial weapon. Without it liberating the islanders would have been virtually impossible. Although not in the league of the old Ark Royal, the flight deck on Hermes operated up to 21 Harriers, 9 large Sea King helicopters, 2 Lynx and 2 Wessex - the latter also quite large helicopters. Compare this with the 10 Harriers, 9 Sea King and single Lynx on board Invincible and you see why the Royal Navy is sacrificing orders for destroyers and submarines to rejoin the big carrier league of World Navies. We need all three types of warship. The government's record is shameful.  

 

GLOBAL INTERVENTION OPERATIONS

  One begins to see the huge void between what is required for the Royal Navy and what the present government provides. Keep in mind that the navy's present strength already needs boosting to cope with current intervention operations beyond the Suez Canal. Borrowing a name from the last century, the Atlantic Fleet, becomes shorthand for a force that can operate from Pole to Pole and with enough strength to cover the Mediterranean and Caribbean. One large aircraft carrier would be pushed to cover this vast ocean space. Two would be stretched. There is a strong argument for building a third large carrier. Ships need refits especially after long periods at sea. There is an obvious case for keeping at least two of the present small aircraft carriers as a quick reaction reserve - which we already do with HMS Invincible - and prolonging the Harrier force as a Fleet Air Arm reserve. David Cameron's plan to dispense with Ark Royal and the Harriers is breathtaking, revealing an approach that is both idle and stupid.

Harriers could fly from HMS Queen Elizabeth for the first year or two until the JSF 35 comes into service. Moreover the STOVL JSF 35 can operate from smaller carriers thus allows the kind of emergency cross-decking envisaged by Sandy Woodward. Similar small carriers armed with a combination of Harriers and helicopters serve in the navies of Spain, Italy and Thailand. Alternatively HMS Ocean might benefit from a ski-ramp when she has a major refit and future assault ships designed with strong lifts and a ski-jump. None of these ships could launch conventional fighters - they're not big enough.

 No doubt all sorts of arguments would be raised against these ideas and the proposed reserve force but in a crisis only your existing hulls and aircraft count. At the very least we should keep the older carriers and their aircraft mothballed until the fleet receives its other proposed major units - new commando carriers although the present government has gone very quiet on this project - and these vessels should have as much flexibility as possible built into their design because the best armed ship in the world cannot patrol two places at the same time. 

The proposal is for three large assault ships with full length flight decks as helicopter carriers though able to launch and recover the STOVL JSF 35 fighter. Similar vessels planned for the US Navy match the Royal Navy's large new aircraft carriers in size and weight. For some time the Royal Navy has been looking at a design nearer the size of HMS Hermes - about 30,000 tons - which is still 10,000 tons larger than the present HMS Ocean. An amphibious ready group - to borrow the US Navy's name - consists of an aircraft carrier, a helicopter carrier such as those shown below though known in the Royal Navy as an assault ship, plus one or two assault landing ships known as landing ships dock ( LSD ) and slightly smaller, less versatile versions - the latter known in Royal Navy jargon as LSD ( A ) for Auxiliary. Photos further below show how the stern of an assault ship LPD and an LSD ( A ) will open up, allow flooding the rear part of the ship, thus effectively creating a floating dock.

During an amphibious landing the opening assaults are made by commandos from the assault ship flying by helicopter to seize strong points and headquarters on shore. These missions are co-ordinated with beach landings from the LSD force. Once the coastal target zones are secure the LSD (A) force close on the assault beaches and then begin delivering more troops, armour, artillery, heavy equipment, ammunition and supplies. Part of the Falklands legacy is that the Royal Navy has a modern and practical fleet for amphibious operations. My only criticism is that speed was sacrificed to keep the costs down. Otherwise, compared with 1982, the Royal Navy has much larger ships with the ability to operate helicopters - meaning the equipment required to start and refuel helicopters - and launch landing craft including vessels capable of delivering armour and equipment from long range onto a hostile shore.

As the World copes with climate change this fleet is just as likely to deploy for rescue and reconstruction tasks after a natural disaster. All the more reason why the Royal Navy and the Royal Engineers should take over a large proportion of the International Aid Budget - which in any case should return to supervision by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. At the moment we have two foreign policies - the real world and a happy clappy dreamland where the British taxpayers hand over billions each year to corrupt and incompetent governments, no questions asked, no favours expected in return.

The Chinese - who receive UK aid despite $ 3 trillion reserves - split their sides laughing every day all over Africa.

 

HMS Ocean the Royal Navy's modern helicopter carrier and in the right photo USS Bataan. At more than 40,000 tons fully loaded Bataan is twice as large in bulk and weight as Ocean. USS Bataan carries 30 aircraft rather than 20 helicopters on board HMS Ocean. The other main difference is flexibility. HMS Ocean can only operate helicopters. USS Bataan has a flight deck that allows her to operate her Osprey aircraft for insertions by the US Marine Corps. The flight deck design makes possible operating JSF 35 fighters. HMS Ocean would need a major refit, probably the construction of a ski ramp with the Phalanx gun system forward on a bow more like that of HMS Illustrious. She would also need stronger, side-angle lifts added to cope with the JSF 35 fighter. 

Italy's answer is the Cavour - at 30,000 tons approximately the same size as HMS Hermes. Spain also built a smaller Harrier/Helicopter carrier. Principe de Asturias at 18,000 tons fully loaded is larger than Italy's Giuseppe Garibaldi though much lighter than HMS Illustrious and HMS Ark Royal. 

HMS Bulwark and HMS Albion are Landing Ship Dock ( LSD ) - big ships at 18,500 tons equipped to launch assault landing craft and operate a small number of large helicopters. One wonders if the docking capability could have been combined with a full length flight deck - perhaps the need for space to transport stores and provide troop accommodation demanded a large superstructure rather than an island.

Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships Cardigan Bay and Largs Bay are part of a class of four ships - LSD (A) - built to support amphibious assaults. At 16,000 tons they are capable of carrying a whole Royal Marine Commando in an emergency although with facilities for 350 commandos under normal conditions.

 

WHY THE NAVY?

Even the United States has limits on its military airlift. The US 82 Airborne Division keeps a company group at 2 hours readiness but to send off a battalion group requires 24 hours and a brigade group 48 hours - these are times for launching an opposed parachute assault with no integral helicopter assets. In other words, jumping into somebody's backyard, armed with whatever you can strap onto your body, shove in a kit bag and lash onto a heavy drop platform. During the last 26 years the US 82 Airborne Division and the 173 Airborne Brigade carried out combat jumps in the Caribbean, Central America, Iraq and Afghanistan. Britain has excellent airborne forces, nearly all parachutists, backed with plenty of attack helicopters, tempered by hard colonial combat, though woefully short of strategic airlift. The RAF would have to stop everything else for a week to deliver the whole 16 Air Assault Brigade from Britain to another continent, simply for an unopposed landing.

The invention of the steam turbine and oil fired boilers brought about a revolution in the reaction speed of naval forces. No longer was over a day required to build up enough steam for the fleet to set sail. The invention of gas turbines brought about another revolution - instant power, instant departure. Nuclear power made possible limitless range. However, even the US Navy is content with 35 knots as its top speed on the surface - although it can look impressive!

USS Nimitz - 1092 feet of flight deck weighing 88,000 tons making a hard turn to port at her full speed of 35 knots.

A naval task force moving at 30 knots covers 700 miles a day. A week would find them almost 5,000 miles from home base. The US Navy has a nuclear powered warship fleet for this very reason and their super carriers travel at 35 knots - moving over 950 miles a day and over 6,650 miles a week. Anyone who has planned a long range airborne operation will recognise that given calm weather the US Navy could leave San Diego early on Monday with full size Marine Corps divisions embarked and hit the viper wine bars of Pyongyang on Saturday night. Unlike an airborne force on the same mission, dependent on the US 8th Army smashing its way through the DMZ to link, the Marines would have no such worries - their supporting task force would cruise over the horizon providing air strikes and logistic support around the 24 hours. 

An amphibious task force does require a sea supply line but it's never as isolated as an airborne force during those crucial first hours on hostile territory. Both types of force require rapid build-up and reinforcement. On D Day the airborne forces were supported by battleships and cruisers shooting at targets some distance inland. None-the-less, the airborne plan was changed so that the two US divisions jumped within reach of each other, and the British 6 Airborne Division plan relied on the commandos quickly getting off the beach and striking inland to link at the Pegasus Bridge. ( Lots of pictures on our tour pages. ) Modern amphibious forces, given the kind of planning and meteorology that went on before D Day, now are capable of trans-oceanic assault landings.

Imagine another speed revolution. Suppose that a naval task force could move at 40 knots in good weather - 70 years back the Royal Navy deployed four fast minelayers with such speed, quite large ships at 3500 tons while the French Navy's contemporary 2,600 ton destroyer, Le Terrible, at 45 knots remains the fastest large surface warship ever built. A task force moving at 40 knots covers nearly 1,100 miles during 24 hours - put another way, leave Portsmouth at midnight on Sunday and reach Gibraltar around 11 pm on Monday. Base that force at Gibraltar and much of West Africa is 48 hours distant, all the Near East less than 72 hours distant with the Caribbean 84 hours distant. As an airborne force commander I would feel much happier leading my paratroopers out of an aircraft door over some exotic trouble spot - when I knew the navy was only hours astern.

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CHINA AND THE ' CARRIER KILLER ' MISSILE

Russia plans more aircraft carriers although the economic crisis may slow this programme. China intends to build six aircraft carriers. Already India proposes to build or buy a second aircraft carrier. US Defence Secretary, Robert Gates, announced a reduction of US Carrier battle groups from 11 to 10 but not for 20 years - which gives the admirals plenty of time for squashing the plan although all the more reason why their closest ally should bring forward and expand its new carrier programme. Some opposing the Royal Navy's new aircraft carriers lately claim that China has developed an ' aircraft carrier killer ' missile, long range and mounted on mobile launchers, designed to plunge at huge speed, directed by satellites that can track moving targets.

Such a system has a vulnerability - reliance on split second direction via a satellite system. An obvious way to neuter such a weapon is taking out its satellite system and supporting infra-structure. Another is destroying the launch vehicles. The USAAF may decide to go ahead with a successor to the B 2 Spirit bomber. Any new manned bomber aircraft would require survivability over hostile territory both day and night along with the ability to destroy multiple small moving targets. Ships are not helpless. Witness the US Navy's test firings by an Aegis Class destroyer that shot down ballistic missiles. Since then the Americans have taught the Japanese Navy how to shoot down a ballistic missile. The US Navy has also shot down a satellite with a laser beam. The Royal Navy's new Type 45 destroyers have a radar system and missile that simultaneously can track 300 targets while engaging and hitting sixteen targets no larger than cricket balls travelling at three times the speed of sound.

China puts a great deal of effort and money into missile systems against surface ships. Iran has been a customer and partner for many years with the aim of denying the inshore seas around Iran to NATO warships. Longer range weapons are probably intended to deter the US Navy from policing the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea and the waters around the Korean Peninsular. China risks catastrophe. Whatever the Russians may say behind closed doors, they are sensible, prudent people, and seek reductions in nuclear weapons, not escalation of nuclear threats. That leaves China, Iran and North Korea in a rather similar situation to Russia during the time of President Eisenhower when America's nuclear arsenal far out-stripped the Soviet Union's. America could cross the unthinkable threshold and deploy tactical nuclear weapons against China and its clients with relative impunity - given enough provocation.

The best way of avoiding a violent struggle lies along a path leading to democracy in China. The South Koreans won their democracy in remarkably similar political and economic circumstances and all those who helped them remember those days with pride. More at World News Six. China's students attempted to gain a foothold for democracy 20 years ago though suffered brutal repression, hundreds losing their lives around Tiananmen Square. One can argue that Tiananmen was China's Kwangju - the big city of the south-west where in 1980 a peaceful student protest was massacred by South Korea's generals. A decade later the junta chief was in gaol and his most prominent political prisoner residing in the presidential Blue House.

Britain finds itself in a similar position to another nuclear armed nation, Israel; competing for the world's resources and trade, relying on its brightest and skilled, confronted by a huge power ruled by a despotic regime. Sooner or later our relations with China - if that country remains under a Communist regime - must end in tears. Nurturing democracy takes patience and time although success explodes like an avalanche without warning signs. Deterrence buys time. Uneasy peace is much cheaper than open warfare. Thus the coalition government in Britain led by David Cameron and Nick Clegg, by adopting the Liberal Party policy of disarmament and merging within Europe, make a strategic blunder - one expects little else from amateur schoolboys but this says nothing for their diplomatic and military advisers. Reducing our nuclear deterrent and its protection, shrinking our navy and air force, under these circumstances, become precisely the opposite of common sense. The power to inflict lethal damage is the only thing China's regime understands. 

The safe long term course for Britain remains to restore our naval strength by raising the money through ' commercial ' deals. Such a policy would raise the cash to restore tactical nuclear power and increase conventional strike power, spread this among the Royal Navy's older and new aircraft carriers, moreover, among significantly increased numbers of surface ships and submarines. A larger Royal Navy with strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, plus much greater conventional fire power introduces another global player who makes China's leadership constantly stare over their shoulder while shadow boxing with the United States.  

Naval warfare is too serious for leaving to our present generals - HMS Ark Royal returns to her building yard on Tyneside

Article on destroyers and frigates is found via link below.

*

' When you're on the phone to Downing Street this morning, Adrian, remind the lady who ordered all those ships that she's sending south.'

The late former Prime Minister Jim Callaghan discussing events with Adrian over a coffee in an Ottawa hotel during spring 1982.

 

Much more about the Royal Navy and strategy on the websites listed below. These websites are regularly updated and the material provided by naval officers with combat experience from the Falkland Islands to Afghanistan and respected academics who focus on defence and foreign policy.

http://www.thenavycampaign.com/

The Navy Campaign is a small organisation (registered as a limited by guarantee company) though extremely helpful consisting of retired Commodore Steve Jermy and Bethany Torvell, promoting the urgent need for a stronger Royal Navy.

Steve Jermy flew from HMS Invincible during the Falklands War and commanded destroyers and the cruiser, HMS Tiger. His last operational post was as Strategy Director at the British Embassy in Kabul. After retirement from the RN with a Masters from Cambridge, he soon established a reputation as an academic and recently published the first book on strategy written by a British officer for a long time - joining the ranks of Winston Churchill, Bernard Montgomery, Bill Jackson, Basil Liddell-Hart and other respected names.

Bethany Torvell comes from a naval family. She studied politics at Goldsmith's College and international security at King's College London. She has worked for an MP and taught at Goldsmith's though has yet to command a ship larger than a two crew Laser.

The Navy Campaign started out with three short term goals:

Communication - relaying information between Parliament, the Press and the Public so that the case presented is balanced.

Aviation/Amphibiosity - campaigning to maintain these two key capabilities, as they maintain and facilitate political choice.

Personnel and People - campaigning for the retention of individuals and skills within the Navy, as well as bolstering morale and re-invigorating the Naval Community.

As the campaign evolved, the aims became more simply promoting the Navy, a task they are proud to undertake!

' Our end goal is to see a balanced military capable of responding to unknown future threats. As an island nation with citizens spread across the World, we firmly believe that the Royal Navy has a central role to play in keeping our country and people safe.'

Amen to that!

The Navy Campaign quote the First Sea Lord, Sir Mark Stanhope, writing the foreword to a Global Force 2010/2011, for want of a better description, the Royal Navy's annual report:

' The Royal Navy has an important role to play....based around a total force able to deliver both a future Carrier Strike and a credible Amphibious capability. Both can and will deliver combat effect, anywhere in the World, without needing the co-operation of other states to do so - as Admiral of the Fleet Sir Jackie Fisher put it in 1919 " the whole principle of navy fighting is to go anywhere with every damned thing the Navy possesses." It means that the UK's air and land forces will in time be given the mobility, access and protection they will need to succeed in the range of operations they will face in the coming years. As such, the Government's commitment to Carrier Strike and Amphibious capabilities represents a long term investment in the future protection of the UK and its global interests. Both have a proven track record in preserving national strategic choice and lie at the heart of the UK's military capability.'

Let's have the last word from a man who in 1667 learned the hard way the value of a strong Royal Navy when the Dutch burned his fleet anchored in the River Medway, including the flag ship named after him.

  "It is upon the navy under the good Providence of God that the safety, honour, and welfare of this realm do chiefly depend."

Charles the Second

 

http://www.phoenixthinktank.org/

A think tank formed by many of the naval officers who served in the South Atlantic. Their website offers well presented papers on naval flying, designing and operating aircraft carriers, written by people who know what they're talking about - as opposed to former parachute engineers!

 

 

Readers of this page might like to look at World News One - Headlines - for comment from a British slant about the latest foreign affairs and defence news . World News One discusses leadership, intelligence and diplomacy. World News Two Two sets out the present state of the Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force. World News Three covers naval air power from a British viewpoint. World News Four concentrates on surface ships. World News Five deals with reform of Britain's Army. World News Six gives ideas about future diplomacy with China.  World News Seven records the history of British nuclear forces. Links to these pages and several others are found below.